La diferencia entre los países pobres y los ricos no es su antigüedad.
Queda demostrado con los casos de países como India y Egipto, que tienen mil años de antigüedad y son pobres. Al contrario, Australia y Nueva Zelanda, que hace poco más de 150 años eran desconocidos, hoy son, todavía, países desarrollados y ricos.
La diferencia entre países pobres y ricos, tampoco está en sus recursos naturales, pues Japón tiene un territorio muy pequeño y su 80 % es montañoso, malo para la agricultura y ganado. Sin embargo es una de las primeras potencias económicas del mundo. Su territorio es como una gran fábrica flotante que recibe materia prima de todo el mundo y los exporta transformados, acumulando su riqueza.
Por otro lado se encuentra Suiza; sin océanos, tiene una de las mayores flotas náuticas del mundo; no tiene cacao, pero sí el mejor chocolate del mundo; en sus pocos kilómetros cuadrados, cría ovejas y cultiva el suelo solo cuatro meses al año ya que el resto del tiempo es invierno; pero tiene los productos lácteos de mejor calidad de toda Europa. Igual que Japón, no tiene productos naturales, pero da y exporta servicios con calidad muy difícil de superar. Es un país pequeño que da una imagen de seguridad, orden y trabajo, que los convirtió en la “caja fuerte” del mundo.
Tampoco es la inteligencia de las personas la diferencia, como lo demuestran los estudiantes de países pobres que emigran a los países ricos y consiguen resultados académicos sobresalientes.
Otro ejemplo son los ejecutivos de países ricos que visitan nuestras fábricas, y al hablar con ellos nos damos cuenta que no hay diferencia intelectual.
Finalmente no podemos decir que la raza haga la diferencia, pues en los países centro-europeos o nórdicos vemos cómo los llamados “ociosos” de América Latina o de África, demuestran ser la fuerza productiva de esos países.
Entonces, ¿qué hace la diferencia?
LA ACTITUD DE LAS PERSONAS, Y SUS VALORES, HACEN LA DIFERENCIA
Al estudiar la conducta de las personas en los países ricos, se descubre que la mayor parte de la población cumple las siguientes reglas, cuyo orden puede ser discutido:
1. La moral como principio básico
2. El orden y la limpieza
3. La integridad
4. La puntualidad
5. La responsabilidad
6. El deseo de superación
7. El respeto a las leyes y reglamentos
8. El respeto por el derecho de los demás
9. La ética del trabajo
10. El esfuerzo personal
¿Necesitamos de más leyes? ¿No sería suficiente cumplir y hacer cumplir estas 10 simples reglas?
En los países pobres sólo una pequeña parte de la población sigue estas reglas en su vida diaria.
No somos pobres porque a nuestros países les falten riquezas naturales, o porque la naturaleza haya sido cruel con nosotros. Somos pobres por nuestra actitud, y por no cumplir estas premisas básicas del funcionamiento de una sociedad.
miércoles, 28 de abril de 2010
Incoterms 2010
Iniciamos esta web sobre incoterms 2010, para avanzar en su divulgación y evitar errores en la gestión de los incoterms y su futura correcta utilización.
Esperamos poder ayudar a todos los invlolucrados en su utilización después del éxito obtenido en nuestra web original sobre Incoterms 2000.
Iniciamos en nuestro primer artículo el anuncio de los nuevos Incoterms 2010. En concreto en este artículo avanzamos la creación de un nuevo Incoterm, el Incoterm DAP.
En estos momentos a principios del 2010 se está trabajando en la nueva versión de los incoterms, que con casi seguridad serán llamados Incoterms 2010.
Atención: Según parece se pasará de los 13 incoterms actuales de la versión incoterms 2000 a 10 incoterms en la versión de los incoterms 2010, es decir, una simplificación importante.
* Uno delos incoterms que desaparece es el DAF (Entregada en frontera – at frontier) y el DDU (Entregada derechos no pagados – Delivered Duty Unpaid
Mi comentario:
* En mi opinión es razonable realizar una reducción o simplificación de los incoterms, más aún cuando la mayoría de los operadores los utiliza mal y además de utilizar muy pocos, siempre los mismos.
* Este es el caso del DAF, que es uno de los incoterms menos utilizados. Sin embargo en principiono entiendo porque se elimina un incoterms con una potencia muy importante como el DDU.
* Esta eliminación se explica si vemos que se ha creado un nuevo incoterms que es el DAP (Delivered at pont – Entregado en un punto). No sólo sustituye al DDU sino que lo potencia, haciéndolo más flexible y versátil. Sin embargo deberemos esperar a las publicaciones de la Cámara de Comercio Internacional CCI para saber los detalles de estos Incoterms 2010 nuevos.
Esperamos poder ayudar a todos los invlolucrados en su utilización después del éxito obtenido en nuestra web original sobre Incoterms 2000.
Iniciamos en nuestro primer artículo el anuncio de los nuevos Incoterms 2010. En concreto en este artículo avanzamos la creación de un nuevo Incoterm, el Incoterm DAP.
En estos momentos a principios del 2010 se está trabajando en la nueva versión de los incoterms, que con casi seguridad serán llamados Incoterms 2010.
Atención: Según parece se pasará de los 13 incoterms actuales de la versión incoterms 2000 a 10 incoterms en la versión de los incoterms 2010, es decir, una simplificación importante.
* Uno delos incoterms que desaparece es el DAF (Entregada en frontera – at frontier) y el DDU (Entregada derechos no pagados – Delivered Duty Unpaid
Mi comentario:
* En mi opinión es razonable realizar una reducción o simplificación de los incoterms, más aún cuando la mayoría de los operadores los utiliza mal y además de utilizar muy pocos, siempre los mismos.
* Este es el caso del DAF, que es uno de los incoterms menos utilizados. Sin embargo en principiono entiendo porque se elimina un incoterms con una potencia muy importante como el DDU.
* Esta eliminación se explica si vemos que se ha creado un nuevo incoterms que es el DAP (Delivered at pont – Entregado en un punto). No sólo sustituye al DDU sino que lo potencia, haciéndolo más flexible y versátil. Sin embargo deberemos esperar a las publicaciones de la Cámara de Comercio Internacional CCI para saber los detalles de estos Incoterms 2010 nuevos.
China vs México
Is Mexico or China a better investment when it comes to lower-cost auto production?
That depends on the objective, industry experts say at a recent conference on doing business in the two countries sponsored by MexicoNow magazine.
ADVERTISEMENT
Penton Media - Ward's Auto World, Click Here!
When it comes to exporting, Mexico logistically holds the upper hand for North American-based auto makers and parts suppliers due to its proximity to the U.S. market, analysts say.
But the scales tip in favor of China if lower labor cost is the primary objective, says Bruce Belzowski, assistant research scientist-University of Michigan's Transportation Research Institute.
Currently, Mexican manufacturing workers average $2.50 per hour, while their Chinese counterparts earn $0.88 per hour, according to data from China-Mexico Solutions.
“If you're chasing inexpensive labor, China is the better deal,” Belzowski says. “But what you have to do when you talk about going to different countries is look at the total cost of doing business.
“If you're going to China to export around the world, you have the higher added cost of logistics and transportation than you have in Mexico,” he adds. “So U.S. companies have to look at total costs of transporting vehicles and components from there and China.
“If companies are just exporting back into the U.S., Mexico has the edge. Labor costs are higher (than in China). However, it's still tremendously less expensive than Canada or the U.S.”
In addition to the cost equation, which most companies take into account first and foremost, there are other, less obvious factors to consider — including culture.
Westerners sometimes have difficulty adapting to China, says Robert Stimson, director-Trend Technologies LLC.
“Make a point of knowing your Chinese hosts outside of business,” Stimson advises. “Chinese view contracts as more advisory than governing; relationships are much more important. Explain your concerns and negotiate everything you can.
“China is difficult for most other cultures,” he says. “It's tough, but you can do it.”
Do the research, advises Doreen Michelini, president-China-Mexico Solutions, in order to lessen chances for surprises. Even minute details, such as the culinary and cultural needs of a company's employee base should be taken into consideration, she says.
“In China, you have to make sure your people are compatible and their dietary needs are compatible,” Michelini says of workers who may hail from different regions of the country.
“In Mexico, we couldn't get workers to take training after work. They have a very strong family bond,” she says. “China is different. In China, they prefer to be entertained after working hours.”
In the case of vehicle manufacturers, China usually requires foreign auto makers to forge partnerships with local companies.
In Mexico, foreign manufacturers can operate as either a maquiladora or a Pitex corporation.
The maquiladora decree was issued by the Mexican government in 1965 to stimulate the economy and produce jobs. Initially only open to the border region, the maquiladora decree invited foreign companies to set up shop for export purposes, essentially allowing them to import materials to produce the export-bound goods duty free.
The program was a resounding success, but eventually Mexico-based companies began to complain the maquiladoras had an unfair advantage.
To appease Mexican manufacturers, the government launched the Pitex program in the early 1970s. Pitex provided companies with similar breaks as the maquiladora program, but because they were Mexican companies, they were allowed to export to the U.S. as well as sell their products within Mexico.
In the 1980s, U.S. maquiladoras found a way to get the best of both worlds. By registering with the Mexican government, U.S. maquiladora corporations officially became Mexican companies, and switched to Pitex status, which allowed them to export and import with the same benefits and sell their products domestically.
In 2000, the Mexican government began imposing taxes on maquiladoras, similar to those Mexico-based Pitex corporations were paying. The plan backfired and Mexico was faced with a mass exodus of businesses. In response, the government cut taxes on maquiladoras to half the Pitex rate, and over time restrictions on selling within Mexico also were dropped.
As a result, maquiladoras now are the best choice for foreign companies doing business in Mexico, says Jay Jessup, director-worldwide automotive group-Cushman & Wakefield.
“Many companies have changed from Pitex to maquiladora and most others should,” Jessup says. “Still, many auto suppliers are Pitex because they don't know they should change.”
In addition to government regulations, manufacturers should consider whether the country's infrastructure meets their needs, Jessup says.
“In China, there's such a strain on its electrical structure that you have a power outage one day a week and don't know what day it's going to be, so it's hard to plan for. In some places, you're seeing two days' shutdown,” he says.
Electricity delivery is more reliable in Mexico, but the infrastructure isn't always there, he says.
“In Mexico, the feds govern and own the electric system,” Jessup says. “Because of fast growth there, they haven't had time to build up infrastructure. Many times it's added as they go.”
One of the most disturbing aspects of doing business in China is the limited intellectual property rights protection.
“The idea of paying for an idea or thought is a foreign concept in China,” says Randall Sherman, president-New Venture Research.
Jessup also urges caution.
“China is the Wild West as far as intellectual property,” he says. “They're exceptional in reverse engineering. That's the way they're building their economy.”
The Chinese government is working to adopt intellectual property right laws, but often the central government doesn't have enough control over what happens in regions of the country, analysts say.
“So regionally (intellectual property theft) just happens. It's a fact of life there,” Jessup says.
To date, Mexico's auto industry has been more export oriented, while China's has been focused more on supplying the domestic market. But that is beginning to change, says George Magliano, director-automotive industry research for Global Insight.
“Obviously, China has huge internal potential and still does,” he says. “But pressure is more and more for China to export, because even with domestic demand it still has plenty of overcapacity.”
That depends on the objective, industry experts say at a recent conference on doing business in the two countries sponsored by MexicoNow magazine.
ADVERTISEMENT
Penton Media - Ward's Auto World, Click Here!
When it comes to exporting, Mexico logistically holds the upper hand for North American-based auto makers and parts suppliers due to its proximity to the U.S. market, analysts say.
But the scales tip in favor of China if lower labor cost is the primary objective, says Bruce Belzowski, assistant research scientist-University of Michigan's Transportation Research Institute.
Currently, Mexican manufacturing workers average $2.50 per hour, while their Chinese counterparts earn $0.88 per hour, according to data from China-Mexico Solutions.
“If you're chasing inexpensive labor, China is the better deal,” Belzowski says. “But what you have to do when you talk about going to different countries is look at the total cost of doing business.
“If you're going to China to export around the world, you have the higher added cost of logistics and transportation than you have in Mexico,” he adds. “So U.S. companies have to look at total costs of transporting vehicles and components from there and China.
“If companies are just exporting back into the U.S., Mexico has the edge. Labor costs are higher (than in China). However, it's still tremendously less expensive than Canada or the U.S.”
In addition to the cost equation, which most companies take into account first and foremost, there are other, less obvious factors to consider — including culture.
Westerners sometimes have difficulty adapting to China, says Robert Stimson, director-Trend Technologies LLC.
“Make a point of knowing your Chinese hosts outside of business,” Stimson advises. “Chinese view contracts as more advisory than governing; relationships are much more important. Explain your concerns and negotiate everything you can.
“China is difficult for most other cultures,” he says. “It's tough, but you can do it.”
Do the research, advises Doreen Michelini, president-China-Mexico Solutions, in order to lessen chances for surprises. Even minute details, such as the culinary and cultural needs of a company's employee base should be taken into consideration, she says.
“In China, you have to make sure your people are compatible and their dietary needs are compatible,” Michelini says of workers who may hail from different regions of the country.
“In Mexico, we couldn't get workers to take training after work. They have a very strong family bond,” she says. “China is different. In China, they prefer to be entertained after working hours.”
In the case of vehicle manufacturers, China usually requires foreign auto makers to forge partnerships with local companies.
In Mexico, foreign manufacturers can operate as either a maquiladora or a Pitex corporation.
The maquiladora decree was issued by the Mexican government in 1965 to stimulate the economy and produce jobs. Initially only open to the border region, the maquiladora decree invited foreign companies to set up shop for export purposes, essentially allowing them to import materials to produce the export-bound goods duty free.
The program was a resounding success, but eventually Mexico-based companies began to complain the maquiladoras had an unfair advantage.
To appease Mexican manufacturers, the government launched the Pitex program in the early 1970s. Pitex provided companies with similar breaks as the maquiladora program, but because they were Mexican companies, they were allowed to export to the U.S. as well as sell their products within Mexico.
In the 1980s, U.S. maquiladoras found a way to get the best of both worlds. By registering with the Mexican government, U.S. maquiladora corporations officially became Mexican companies, and switched to Pitex status, which allowed them to export and import with the same benefits and sell their products domestically.
In 2000, the Mexican government began imposing taxes on maquiladoras, similar to those Mexico-based Pitex corporations were paying. The plan backfired and Mexico was faced with a mass exodus of businesses. In response, the government cut taxes on maquiladoras to half the Pitex rate, and over time restrictions on selling within Mexico also were dropped.
As a result, maquiladoras now are the best choice for foreign companies doing business in Mexico, says Jay Jessup, director-worldwide automotive group-Cushman & Wakefield.
“Many companies have changed from Pitex to maquiladora and most others should,” Jessup says. “Still, many auto suppliers are Pitex because they don't know they should change.”
In addition to government regulations, manufacturers should consider whether the country's infrastructure meets their needs, Jessup says.
“In China, there's such a strain on its electrical structure that you have a power outage one day a week and don't know what day it's going to be, so it's hard to plan for. In some places, you're seeing two days' shutdown,” he says.
Electricity delivery is more reliable in Mexico, but the infrastructure isn't always there, he says.
“In Mexico, the feds govern and own the electric system,” Jessup says. “Because of fast growth there, they haven't had time to build up infrastructure. Many times it's added as they go.”
One of the most disturbing aspects of doing business in China is the limited intellectual property rights protection.
“The idea of paying for an idea or thought is a foreign concept in China,” says Randall Sherman, president-New Venture Research.
Jessup also urges caution.
“China is the Wild West as far as intellectual property,” he says. “They're exceptional in reverse engineering. That's the way they're building their economy.”
The Chinese government is working to adopt intellectual property right laws, but often the central government doesn't have enough control over what happens in regions of the country, analysts say.
“So regionally (intellectual property theft) just happens. It's a fact of life there,” Jessup says.
To date, Mexico's auto industry has been more export oriented, while China's has been focused more on supplying the domestic market. But that is beginning to change, says George Magliano, director-automotive industry research for Global Insight.
“Obviously, China has huge internal potential and still does,” he says. “But pressure is more and more for China to export, because even with domestic demand it still has plenty of overcapacity.”
Bloque BRIC
En economía internacional,[1] se emplea la sigla BRIC para referirse conjuntamente a Brasil, Rusia, India y China, que tienen en común una gran población (Rusia y Brasil por encima de los ciento cuarenta millones, China e India por encima de los mil cien millones), un enorme territorio (casi 38.5 millones km²), lo que les proporciona dimensiones estratégicas continentales y una gigantesca cantidad de recursos naturales, y, lo más importante, las cifras que han presentado de crecimiento de su PIB y de participación en el comercio mundial han sido enormes en los últimos años, lo que los hace atractivos como destino de inversiones.
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